Higher Cycles of Concentration Make Water Harder to Treat
Operators under water constraint now run cooling systems at an average 6.2 cycles of concentration, well above historical practice, and several run considerably higher. Every cycle raises dissolved solids, hardness, and conductivity in the circulating water, which increases scaling and corrosion risk simultaneously rather than trading one against the other. Chemistry consumption per cubic metre of makeup rises accordingly, and formulations must work in conditions the original system design never contemplated. Providers who can hold performance at high cycles win accounts on technical grounds, which is unusual in a market that procurement keeps trying to commoditise.
Market Impact: Limits below 1 milligram per litre








