Remaining reservoirs are hotter and saltier than before
The reservoirs still available for chemical flooding are the ones nobody flooded first, which means higher temperature and brine salinity beyond what conventional sulfonate chemistry tolerates before it precipitates or loses activity. Gemini structures hold ultralow interfacial tension through salinity around 180,000 parts per million and at temperatures where monomeric surfactants degrade. That is a narrow technical advantage sitting exactly where the remaining recoverable oil happens to be, across Middle Eastern carbonates and mature Chinese and Indian fields. It is the reason this category exists commercially rather than only in journals.
Market Impact: Drives 38% of world demand








