Central Banks Launch Sovereign Real-Time Payment Rails
Governments across more than thirty countries have now launched or committed to launching central-bank-operated instant payment rails modeled on India's Unified Payments Interface, which processed over 130 billion transactions in 2024. Brazil's Pix, Thailand's PromptPay, and the European Union's instant SEPA credit transfer mandate follow the same pattern: a public utility rail that settles peer-to-peer and merchant transactions within seconds at near-zero cost. Card networks and legacy processors that built their margin structure around multi-day settlement and interchange fees now face a public alternative that merchants can adopt without any commercial negotiation, forcing incumbents to compete on service quality instead.
Market Impact: Fees fall to 0.3 percent








